Jungle Essays (300 words) - Jurgis, The Jungle, Upton Sinclair

Jungle As I opened the cover of The Jungle, I anticipated reading a tragic story about the cruelness inflicted upon a poor, working-class family. I had read an excerpt from the novel and had conversed with people who had read it; I thought the story was going to be solid, and perhaps even entertaining. I was incredibly wrong. The beginning of the story started out slow, as it was just another "American Dream" type story. Jurgis and family came to the States seeking a better life and freedom from their homeland's injustices. The story had potential, but the redundancy of the descriptions wore old. I only need to hear once or maybe even twice how cold the winters were, or how evil the packing bosses were. The only parts that I thought had any value were the descriptions of the working facilities and what foulness and corruption were found within. Such descriptions were there solely for the shock or disgust of the reader. The end of the story was extremely confusing. I can understand why Jurgis left his family after the death of his young wife, and then the death of his only son. After his time in the country and working for the political machines of Chicago, he became interested in the idea of socialism. With the introduction of a socialist Jurgis, I wanted to put down the book. Where had the whole socialist movement came from? I felt it made absolutely no sense to be in this story. The story, at that point, needed to concentrate more on the reunited family of Jurgis rather than the radical ideas circulating throughout Chicago. Upton Sinclair painted an accurate historical picture with The Jungle, but he wrote it without a sensible plot, with redundant and ambiguous details, and with no appeal as a readable story. I recommend leaving this book on the shelf for someone else to stumble through; I was not impressed.

Definition of Instructional Words Used on Tests

Definition of Instructional Words Used on Tests Instructional words are very important, but they are often overlooked and misunderstood by students during exams and tests. It is important to know what is expected of you when you encounter words such as â€Å"analyze† or â€Å"discuss† on an exam. Valuable points can be earned or lost, depending on your understanding of instructional words shown here. Analyze: Take apart a concept or a process, and explain it step by step. You could encounter analysis questions in any discipline, from science to history. An analysis question is usually a long essay question.Comment: If a test question prompts you to comment on a fact or statement, you will need to explain the relevance of the fact or statement. For example, you could be prompted to comment on a particular amendment quoted in a government exam or comment on a passage that is quoted on a literature exam.Compare: Show likenesses and differences when you compare two events, theories, or processes.Contrast: Used for showing differences between two processes or theories, a contrast question could appear on a literature exam, a history exam, a science exam, and more.Define: Provide a definition of a key term you’ve covered in class. This is usually a short essay type of question.Demonstrate: If you are asked to demonstrate, you must provide proof of your answer by using an example . A demonstration could be a physical action, a visual illustration, or a written statement. Diagram: Demonstrate your answer by drawing a chart or other visual element to illustrate your points.Discuss: When a teacher instructs you to â€Å"discuss† a topic, he or she is trying to determine whether you understand both sides of an issue. You will need to demonstrate that you know the strengths and weaknesses of both sides. You should pretend that you are having a conversation with a friend and voicing both sides.Enumerate: Enumerating is providing a list in a particular order. When you enumerate a list of items, you may need to specify why items go in a particular order.Examine: If you are prompted to examine a topic, you will use your own judgment to explore (in writing) a topic and comment on significant elements, events, or acts. Provide your opinion and explain how or why you came to your conclusions.Explain: Provide an answer that gives a â€Å"why† response. Provide a complete overview of the problem and solution for a particular issue or process. This is a typical form of question used in science exams. Illustrate: If you are expected to illustrate a topic, you should use examples to show or explain a topic. Depending on the subject matter, you might use words, drawings, diagrams, or behavior to illustrate an answer.Interpret: Interpretation of a subject calls for the ability to read between the lines and draw conclusions. You will be expected to explain the meaning of an act, action, or passage in an interpretation.Justify: If you are asked to justify something, you will be expected to use examples or evidence to show why (in your opinion) it is correct. You must provide reasons for your conclusions and opinions.List: Lists are used in every discipline. In list questions, you must provide a series of answers. If you are expected to memorize a certain number of items for an exam, be sure to remember how many there are in total.  Outline: Provide an explanation with headings and subheadings. This is a common instruction word found on literature exams.Order: Provide a chronological or value-based answer by listing several items (terms or events) in the correct placement. You could be asked to place events in a certain order on a history exam, or you could be asked to put a scientific process in the correct order.   Prove: To prove an answer, you must use evidence (this could be numbers) or reasoning to solve a problem. Tests that require proof normally appear on science or math exams.Relate: Relate could mean a few different things on an exam: 1) You could be asked to show a relationship between two events or items by discussing their similarities, or 2) You could be required to provide a written account of something (as in literature).Review: If a test question prompts you to review a process or event, you should recall and repeat all the most important elements or facts that you learned about a specific topic in essay form.Trace: To trace an event or process, go over it in detail and explain it step by step. You could trace an event that occurred in history or you could trace a process in science.

International Business Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Business Marketing - Essay Example (Tai, et al 2005). Population growth rate and FDI are considered the main factors for country selection. Examining the statistical results, it is evident that China is on the top of the list having the highest population in the world (Table 1). The average rate of population growth is a lower than in India and Indonesia, nevertheless, it is expected that in 2025 the population in China will be about 1,476.0 ml, in contrast to India which will has only 1,363.0 ml (2004 World Population Data Sheet, 2005). According to the survey, "China was the largest FDI destination in the world in 2003, overtaking the US" (FDI Confidence Index, 2004). It has stable political situation, and high rates of economic growth. In case of China, FDI is a very important feature of the economies of the developing countries. For many big Western companies, expansion of their sphere of operations through the establishment of branches in other countries is regarded as a key aspect of strategy, often more important than immediate returns on capital. Many firms are seeing their investments as lower than they would have to be in the future and as providing them with a first-mover advantage as those economies begin to grow significantly. In 2003, FDI inflows were $53.5 billion. The economic health of countries is also assessed to determine whether the macroeconomic conditions are conducive to stable economic conditions. The economic prognosis says that 40% of world's investors "expected a more positive outlook on China's economy" (FDI Confidences Index, 2004). China expects liberalization of market, and that is why all those risks will be minimized. Demographic factors, taken into account together with measures such as disposable income per head, shows that China and India are two potential markets for this product. For instance, GDP per capita growth rate is the highest in China (8.8%) in contrast to other countries included in the list (GDP per capita, 2001). The penetration strategy will be based on specific product line which has not been developed yet. The strategy will be aimed to promote luxury skin care line for pregnancy and early motherhood. Estee Lauder has not promoted this product line, but its skincare product meet high quality standards making them safe for pregnant women. Cosmetics for pregnancy is based on all natural cosmetic line (Begoun, 2006) as those proposed by Estee Lauder. This strategy is important because there are limited number of companies promote this line in China (Dowling, 2006). International expansion strategy will consist of several steps. 1.The first step (during the first year) - co-operation strategy and selection of sales agents in big cities. (This step is aimed to evaluate market potential and growth rate, as well as competition tension. Estee Lauder will sale its products through drug stores and specialized stores for pregnant women in big cities around the country). 6 month - identification of potential agencies and sellers; contracting and licensing 6 month - advertising and promotion campaign, opening a Web page After the first year of performance - evaluation and analysis of the market potential 2.The second step (during the second year) - employing sales representatives and agents in order to promote products around the country (the aim is to sell products in middle-size cities through agents, drug stores and specialized stores for women; competitive rivalry on both a price and a non-price basis. 3.The third year - to

Curriculum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Curriculum - Essay Example teaching), the information which is used to facilitate such a process is the second most important determinant on the extent and scope to which education will indeed take place. In this way, designing a curriculum necessarily involves the attention and participation of several key participants. Although it is rarely the determination of the end educator as to the precise means by which he/she will attempt to engage the students and effect the determined end, the educator has no small part in engaging with the other shareholders within this process and voicing his/her concerns/beliefs/desires with reference to seeking to provide a better and more fully nuanced vehicle for the impartation of knowledge to the student (Hinde 2005). With regards to how this student approaches the issue of curriculum, this can be understood as a function of two distinct responses. Firstly, the curriculum that I am faced within my own institution is something that is outside of my control and something that has been predetermined by shareholders to impart the very best level of education and knowledge onto me the student. In much the same way, it is my eventual intent to seek to have at least some stake in this process as I complete my degree and begin to practice teaching as an educator. In this way, I will then be able to exact a small amount of direction upon the way in which my students will be introduced to certain key elements of

Small-Business Preference Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Small-Business Preference - Essay Example The Congress has managed to come up with some very important and exciting programs that regulate and guide use of unmanned aircrafts or rather drones. The United States law enforcing agencies have taken steps to incorporate use of domestic drones. This has greatly helped enforcing agencies improve in their surveillance capabilities within the American population and without the American population. It is important to note the fact that incorporating such drones in public life would definitely change the American public life as it is known. It is therefore wise to consider implication of unmanned aircraft presence and capabilities of these flying objects. The government must therefore be careful to ensure there is public support for these unmanned flying objects. Normally, being monitored and tracked through surveillance mechanism will cause some discomfort among the public and affect public life eventually. Because of such guidelines drone manufacturing is only limited to domestic us e in case of business related interests and not wars. Manufacturers of drones have brought forward several suggestions for consideration by the United States Homeland security department. Examples include arming the remote controlled unmanned aircrafts with weapons such as tasers tear gas or rubber bullets. Such use is limited to non lethal weapons by the law enforcement agencies. Several states have enacted laws that govern use of domestic drones offering insight to the kind of businesses that can be allowed for manufacture (New York Times, 2012). Usage limits for drones as legislated include only when warrants for their use have been issued, in emergency cases or when there is enough support to conclude its use will assist in collection of important evidence to specific criminal activities. When image collection capabilities are incorporated in the drones, such images should be saved or retained only when it will be useful as evidence. Policies guiding use of domestic drones inclu de having the public representatives and not police departments make such decisions. It also says that such policies should be clearly written and open for public use. Part of the guidelines also includes a public audit of its use and a properly instituted oversight committee to prevent misuse. Domestic weapon shouldn’t also carry lethal weapons for safety of the public in case of misuse by a rogue regime. Small-Business Programs Created By Congress and How They Benefit Remote Controlled Aircraft Manufacture Businesses Over Large Air Craft Multinational Organizations Examples of how unmanned and remote controlled aircraft have assisted law enforcement agencies include the documentation of crime scenes in western Colorado. Similar remote controlled aircraft have been used in places such as England, Kenya and South Africa to watch for poachers that are almost bringing wildlife conservation efforts to its knees. It’s also thought courier services might incorporate use of these drone to reduce business running costs by delivering mails. The movie industry will too get a boost by offering directors views only helicopters managed to capture. This is important for their work and in improving quality of their services and products (Congressional Research Service, 2012). The same kinds of planes have taken to the skies in South Africa to pursue suspected poachers seeking rhino horns. They have been tested in England and South Africa

Nanocrystalline Diamond Coating around Sphere Analysis

Nanocrystalline Diamond Coating around Sphere Analysis Mechanical Properties and Uniformity of Nanocrystalline Diamond coating around Sphere Hongyun Chen Nanocrystalline diamond coatings were deposited on spheres used for ball bearing. The nanocrystalline coatings with a grain size of 50nm were confirmed by the surface morphology and composition analysis. The hardness of the coating is 20-40GPa tested by nanoindentation, which is higher than that of tungsten carbide and silicon nitride substrates. The coating around the sphere observed from the Micro CT images is uniform with a thickness of 12ÃŽ ¼m. keywords: solid lubricating coating, nanocrystalline diamond, mechanical properties Introduction Mechanical parts are often used under extreme environment such as high temperature, large load, radioactive and high vacuum, and so on. A wear-resistant, lubricating coating can protect the mechanical parts and ensure their reliability under these extreme conditions1, 2. The advantages of diamond coating with high hardness, high elastic modulus, outstanding wear resistance, low friction coefficient and good chemical stability make it to be an expected solid lubricating coating3, 4. The protective coating, e.g. diamond like carbon (DLC) coating deposited on metals and some other materials can protect the interface of the metals from crack, but also reduce the frictional wear of the opposing surface due to the excellent tribological properties such as extremely low friction and wear resistance. Costa et al5. deposited (DLC) coating with a thickness of 2ÃŽ ¼m on silicon and carbonitride using pulsed-DC discharge and studied the tribological behavior of DLC coating. Their results showed that the increase in surface roughness reduced the friction coefficient, and wear rate of the carbonitride as the interlayer decreased three orders compared to that of silicon. Xie et al6. grew DLC coating with 600nm thickness on silicon wafer using microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD). It seemed that surface roughness, adhesion and debris accumulation collectively affected the frictional behavior while the tribological behavior of DLC coating mainly depended on the co ating and its adhesion to the substrate. Gruen et al7. successfully deposited the nanocrystalline diamond coating with average grain size of 5-13nm on silicon at 750à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ by MPCVD. After that, there were much investigation of the nanocrystalline diamond coating, but the nanocrystalline diamond coating grown on the spheres are very few. B Lunn et al8. from Hull University deposited micro diamond coating with thickness of 3ÃŽ ¼m on a sintered carbide (6%Co) ball of 15mm in diameter with a special support system in a hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) chamber. The present work focused on that nanocrystalline diamond coatings were deposited on the sintered carbide spheres and silicon nitride spheres used for ball bearing to improve the wear-resistance. The mechanical properties and uniformity of the coating were evaluated by Micro CT and nano indenter. Experimental By rotating the substrate holder, uniform diamond coatings around spherical substrates with 1-3mm diameter were deposited by a lab-made MPCVD reactor. Tungsten carbide (WC-6 wt.% Co) spheres and silicon nitride spheres were pitched up as the substrates. The cobalt as the adhesive of tungsten carbide would convert the diamond into graphite, resulting in decrease in adhesion between coating and substrate. So firstly diluted nitric acid was used for processing the tungsten carbide spheres in order to selectively remove the cobalt of the surface9. Then, the spheres were scratched using 1-10ÃŽ ¼m diamond powders by ultrasonic method, and rinsed in alcohol and dried prior to deposition. The nanocrystalline diamond coating was deposited for 20-60h at following parameters: total gas pressure was 4KPa, microwave power was 1400W, the substrate temperature was 870à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, 2.2% methane diluted in hydrogen. The Raman spectroscopy (LabRAM HR, HORIBA Jobin Yvon S.A.S, France) with a laser as light sources (wavelength 532nm) was used to analyze the quality of diamond coating on different substrates. The surface morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, JSM-7500F, Hitachi, Japan) to measure the crystalline grain size. An atomic force microscopy (AFM, MFP-3D, Asylum Research, USA) was applied for quantitative the surface roughness determination on a 20Ãâ€"20ÃŽ ¼m scanned area. The mechanical properties were measured by MTS nano indenter (G200, MTS, USA) at an approach velocity of 5nm/s. The thickness and the uniformity of the diamond coating were investigated by Micro CT (ÃŽ ¼CT100, SCANCO, Switzerland). Results and discussion 3.1. surface morphology The surface morphologies of coatings deposited on different substrates can be seen in Fig.1a and c respectively, and b and d are the high magnification of images. Both the samples were treated under the same conditions. It is evident that there is no big difference between coating deposited on tungsten carbide sphere and silicon nitride sphere. The obtained coatings on both substrates have cauliflower structure with a grain size of about 50 nm. The surface roughness is very important for solid lubricating application where a smooth coating surface can decrease the frictional wear. Table 1 shows the change in roughness due to the thickness change of coating on tungsten carbide using AFM method. The roughness of the coating followed the trend in thickness, which was increasing with the rise of the thickness of coating. The roughness of the coating with 5ÃŽ ¼m thickness was under 150nm. Both RMS roughness and the average (Ra) roughness were between 100nm and 210nm lower than the peak-valley (P-V) roughness. The latter had higher roughness values in the order of one micron, which accounted for the cauliflower structure on the surface of the coating as shown in Fig.1. The rough surface does harm to the solid lubricating application. So the roughness will be decreased through post treatment e.g. chemical mechanical polishing. 3.2. Uniformity and thickness The small sphere makes it hard to measure the thickness and the uniformity of the diamond coating. SEM image of the cross section is usually used to show the thickness and uniformity of the coating. However, only one intersecting surface is observed, which can’t represent the whole sphere. Micron CT can get a 3D image of the coating and directly give the whole feature of the coating. Because the metal absorbs the X-ray, the coating on silicon nitride which is inorganic material was measured. Fig.2 is the CT image of the diamond coating around sphere. Fig.2a and b are the 2D and 3D images of the sphere and c is the 3D CT image of the shell whose silicon nitride substrate is removed through analysis software simulation. As the images shown, the coating is uniform and no obvious protuberance on the surface can be observed. The cross section of coating in Fig.4a indicated that the concentricity between substrate and coating was maintained to assure uniform coating thickness. No separation between the silicon nitride substrate and coating was observed, suggesting that the diamond coating attached the sphere tightly. Fig.3 shows the thickness distribution of the coating. The thickness of coating is between 10 to 14ÃŽ ¼m among which 12ÃŽ ¼m is dominant. 3.3. Composition CVD diamond coatings with different thickness were characterized by Raman spectroscopy as shown in Fig.4, a and b were the coating with 5ÃŽ ¼m thickness, and c and d were the coating with 12ÃŽ ¼m thickness. The peak at 1332cm-1 is the characteristic of the diamond lattice which can be used to identify diamond. Two sharp peaks at 1337.87cm-1 and 1333.64cm-1 in Fig.4a and b proved that the composition of coating was in relation to diamond. Both of the two peaks have frequency shift caused by the compressive stress10. This accounted for the mismatch of the thermal expansion coefficient between diamond and substrate. Especially, the value of the tungsten carbide(4.36Ãâ€"10−6/ °C, 20 °C) is larger than 1.18Ãâ€"10-6/ °C (20 °C) of diamondà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’resulting in the far more upshift of the tungsten carbide shown in Fig.4a. The value of silicon nitride (2.8Ãâ€"10−6/ °C, 20 °C), which is close to that of diamond, produced less residual compressive stress. With the thickness of coating increasing, there was almost same frequency shift shown in Fig.4c and d. Compared with Fig.4a and b, the diamond peak of the thicker coating has a large upward shift that attributed to the increase in compressive stress with thickness increasing. The compressive stress is also related to other factors such as defects, composition of coating. The stress from defects and composition appeared to be dominant in thick coating. The features at 1145cm-1 and 1490cm-1 are possibly related to acetylene C–H chains proposed by R. Pfeiffer11 and his colleague. Their study considered this acetylene C–H chains existed in the boundaries of nanocrystal diamond. Those bands around 1140cm−1 and 1490cm−1 were usually observed in nanocrystalline diamond coating. So Fig.4a and b confirmed the deposited coatings were nanocrystalline diamond, which is consistent with the result of the SEM. In addition, the coating got flexibility to fit curved surface of sphere because of the acetylene C–H chains in coating. In Fig.4c and d, the peaks at 1580cm-1 is labeled as G peaks which are due to the sp2 sites. Compared with Fig.4a and b, the G peak of the graphite is obviously observed on Fig.4c and d. Although G peak at 1560cm-1 possibly overlapped the peak at 1490cm-1, it was obvious that the composition of the thicker coating was different from that of the thinner coating which affected by substrate to some extent. The band at 1146cm-1 is related to nanocrystalline diamond as discussed above. 3.4. Mechanical properties The modulus and the hardness of diamond coatings were characterized by the nano indenter designed by the MTS Company. The sphere was too small to find an applicable flat surface to get an accurate result. The diamond coating deposited on silicon wafer was prepared with the same conditions as the control. As known to all, the hardness and the modulus of the diamond coating prepared by CVD are normally lower than that of the natural diamond. The Fig.5a and c show the modulus and the hardness of the diamond coating deposited on sphere, while the Fig.5b and d exhibit the modulus and the hardness of the diamond coating on silicon wafer deposited in same conditions. The hardness of the coating on sphere was about 20GPa, only a half of that on silicon wafer, and the modulus was only one third of that on silicon wafer. The curved surface and cauliflower structure of the coating on sphere led to lower hardness and modulus measured. The true hardness and modulus of the coating should be higher than that of the measured. In terms of the measured value on silicon wafer, the hardness of coating on sphere was estimated to be 20-40GPa and the modulus was 200-600GPa. Therefore, the diamond coating was expected to improve the wear-resistance of tungsten carbide and silicon nitride substrates whose ha rdness are about 17GPa and 15.6-9.8GPa respectively11, 12. The modulus of coating also increased in comparison with that of silicon nitride substrate. It suggests that the mechanical properties of both the tungsten carbide and silicon nitride are improved for its ball bearing application. Conclusion For the purpose of protecting the spheres used for ball bearing, the diamond coatings were successfully deposited on the spheres. The coating is about 5-12ÃŽ ¼m in thickness depending on the deposition time and is uniform as the result of the Micro CT shown. The surface of coating is not smooth enough due to its cauliflower structure and needs further polish. The hardness tested by the nano indenter was 20-40GPa larger than that of tungsten carbide and silicon nitride. The Raman spectra reveal that the coating deposited on sphere is composed of diamond, acetylene C–H chains and graphite, which are responsible for the improvement of mechanical properties and fitness around sphere.

History and Politics :: Essays on Politics

History and Politics Dominica’s History and Politics are two subjects that become intertwined with each other as the politics have controlled the history of the island since before Columbus discovered it in 1493. From the indigenous tribes fighting each other for control to the Europeans racing to colonize Dominica the island has changed hands many times, which can be seen through the unique culture that exists there today. During these changes the politics of Dominica were altered as different tribes had different ways of ruling just like Spain, France, and Britain did too. Millions of years ago fierce volcanic activity began deep below the sea, in the region known now as the Caribbean. Some of these volcanoes managed to push their way up from the ocean floor to become islands; the tallest of these islands is Dominica. Since then Dominica has seen many different inhabitants, some stayed for thousands of years while others abandoned the island as soon as they arrived. From the ancient Ortoroid, Igneri (Arawak), and Kalinago (Carib), to the Spanish, French and English, every group left their mark and thus Dominica has a very rich and diverse history. The first inhabitants of Dominica were the Ortoroid who left the South American mainland around 3100 BC. They traveled in canoe type boats and used sails and paddles to navigate from island to island. One of the islands they settled on was Dominica, where they lived for over 2500 years. Evidence suggests that the Ortoroid where extinct by 400 BC. (www.Skyviews.com) The Igneri or â€Å"Arawak speakers,† were the next group to live on Dominica arrived around 400 AD. They were a peaceful tribe that had also traveled by boat from South America, and dispersing to settle on a number of different neighboring islands. During the 1,000 years that the Igneri occupied the island, a well – defined culture was developed that thrived as a result of the plentiful supply of fish and warm climate that is found on Dominica. (www.Skyviews.com) Sometime around the end of the 12th century AD, things took a bad turn for the Igneri. At this time the violent warlike people known as Kalinago, began to make their way up the Caribbean chain of islands, invading and conquering the islands they stopped at. By the early 1400’s they had reached Dominica, they named the island, ‘Wai’tukubuli’, which translates to, ‘Tall is Her Body’.